Quick answer: a formation is the specific arrangement of athletes across the floor at a given point in a routine - for example rows, blocks or a wedge shape - and a routine is built around a sequence of formations that change at precise, planned moments.
What It Actually Is
Rather than staying in one spot, a team moves through a series of planned positions across the performance area over the course of a routine. Each of these arrangements is a formation, and the transitions between them are choreographed just as precisely as any stunt or jump.
Why Formations Matter
Formation changes keep a routine visually dynamic, help showcase different parts of the team at different moments, and are often built around what's happening technically - for example spacing stunt groups evenly for a pyramid, or clustering the team for a tight dance section.
How Formations Are Timed
Formation changes are planned against the same 8-count structure used for every other part of the routine, with specific counts assigned for athletes to begin and complete each move to their next position.
Common Formation Shapes
Formations vary by routine and team size, but commonly include straight rows, staggered blocks, wedges, and circular or diamond shapes - chosen partly for visual effect and partly for what they allow technically, such as even spacing between stunt groups.
Where It Fits in a Routine
Formations run underneath the entire routine - every stunt sequence, tumbling pass, jump section and dance break happens within, and often transitions between, specific formations.
Related Terms
See 8-Count for the timing system formations are built on, and Choreography for how formations fit into the wider routine-building process.